The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence (Indonesian: Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia, or simply Proklamasi) was read at 10:00 in the morning of Friday, 17 August 1945.[1] The wording and declaration of the proclamation had to balance the interests of conflicting internal Indonesian and Japanese interests at the time.[2] The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution, fighting against the forces of the Netherlands and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia's independence in 1949.[3] In 2005, the Netherlands declared that it had decided to accept de facto 17 August 1945 as Indonesia's independence date.[4]However, on 14 September 2011, a Dutch court ruled in the Rawagede massacre case that the Dutch state was responsible because it had the duty to defend its inhabitants, which also indicated that the area was part of the Dutch East Indies, in contradiction of the Indonesian claim of 17 August 1945 as its date of independence.[5] In a 2013 interview the Indonesian historian Sukotjo, among others, asked the Dutch government to formally acknowledge the date of independence as 17 August 1945.[6] The United Nations recognizes the date of 27 December 1949.[7]
The document was signed by
Sukarno (who signed his name "Soekarno" using the Dutch orthography) and
Mohammad Hatta,
[8] who were appointed president and vice-president respectively the following day.
[9][10]
Indonesia was under colonial rule by the Dutch in some parts for 300 years.
[12] The Netherlands were invested in Indonesia where they obtained wealth from Indonesia through investments and also had a population of individuals there.
[13] The Dutch colonial government was a centralist hierarchical system,
[14] where Indonesian representation was limited in the government.
[15] Resistance to Dutch rule was met with imprisonment and exile.
[16]
The fight for independence from the Dutch included numerous people, and internal conflicts.
[17] It involved an Indonesian youth movement, where the youth were from varying class and educational backgrounds.
[18] It included figures such as
Chaerul Saleh who was part of Menteng 31, which contained a diverse membership with different educational backgrounds.
[19] It also included
Kaigun (Wikana) another figure part of the youth movement, who was a student of Sukarno.
[20] The fight for independence included a figure in the nationalist movement called
Mohammad Hatta who worked to promote Indonesian interests.
[21] Another figure in the nationalist movement in Indonesian history was
Sukarno, who established the
Indonesian National Party in 1927, which advocated for independence from the Dutch.
[22] Hatta was educated at a Ditch university
[23] and Sukarno studied at the Bandung Institute of Technology where the study group he formed became the Indonesian National Party.
[24]Sukarno is known for many famous speeches and advocated for political independence. A speech given in June 1945 by Sukarno ‘Pancasila’ sets out the five principles of the foundation of the nation of Indonesia.
[25] In this speech he discusses the importance for political independence, with the first principle being nationalism and also the importance of religion to Indonesia in the principle of a belief in God.
[26]
The invasion by the Japanese in Indonesia added a new dynamic for the fight for independence. The Japanese defeated the Dutch in 1942 and moved into Indonesia, and this helped push the Dutch out and assisted towards the proclamation of independence.
[27] There were uprisings against the Japanese rule like the Dutch,
[28] where farmers and other workers were being exploited by the Japanese. Furthermore the Japanese had also tried to control Islam.
[29] Sukarno discusses in his speeches during the war that he believed independence could be achieved with the assistance of Japan.
[30] Hatta also worked with the Japanese, as he wanted to free Indonesian people from the Dutch. Hatta and
Sjahrir another figure in the nationalist movement worked together towards independence for Indonesia. Where Hatta worked with the Japanese, Sjahrir focused on establishing an underground support network.
[31] Many educated youths influenced by Sjahrir in Jakarta and Bandung started establishing underground support networks for plans of Indonesian independence following Japan's defeat.
[32]
The end of the war on August 15
th further expedited the process for independence.
[33] Youth leaders supported by Sjahrir hoped for a declaration of independence separate from the Japanese, which initially was not supported by Hatta and Sukarno. However with the assistance of a high ranking Japanese military officer Tadashi Maeda, the declaration of independence was drafted.
[34] Sukarno and Hatta on August 17
th 1945 proclaimed independence, along with the youth leaders.
[35
he
draft was prepared only a few hours earlier on the night of 16 August 1945,
[36] by
Sukarno,
Hatta, and Soebardjo, at the house of
Rear-Admiral Tadashi Maeda, 1
Miyako-dōri (
都通り). The house which is located in
Jakarta is now the
Formulation of Proclamation Text Museum situated at Jl. Imam Bonjol No. 1. Aside from the three Indonesian leaders and Admiral Maeda, three Japanese agents were also present at the drafting:
Tomegoro Yoshizumi (of the Navy Communications Office
Kaigun Bukanfu (
海軍武官府));
Shigetada Nishijima and Shunkichiro Miyoshi (of the
Imperial Japanese Army).
[37][38] The original Indonesian Declaration of Independence was typed by
Sayuti Melik.
[39][40] Maeda himself was sleeping in his room upstairs. He was agreeable to the idea of
Indonesia's
independence,
[41] and had lent his house for the drafting of the declaration.
Marshal Terauchi, the highest-ranking
Japanese leader in
South East Asia and son of former
Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake, was however against Indonesia's independence, scheduled for 24 August 1945.
[42]
While the formal preparation of the declaration, and the official independence itself for that matter, had been carefully planned a few months earlier, the actual declaration date was brought forward almost inadvertently as a consequence of the Japanese
unconditional surrender to the Allies on 15 August 1945.
[43] The wording of the proclamation had been discussed at length and had to balance both conflicting internal Indonesian and Japanese interests. Sukarno drafted the final proclamation which balanced the interests of both the members of the youth movement and the Japanese. The term ‘TRANSFER OF POWER’ was used in Indonesian to satisfy Japanese interests to appear that it was an administrative transfer of power, although the term used ‘pemindahan kekuasaan’ could be perceived to mean political power. The wording ‘BY CAREFUL MEANS’ related to preventing conflict with members of the youth movement. The wording ‘IN THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME’ was used to meet the needs of all Indonesians for independence.
[44][45]
The historic event was triggered by internal conflict between the youth movement and other individuals working towards independence, where
Adam Malik suggests a meeting had taken place which discussed proclaiming independence outside of Japan’s framework due to Japan’s surrender.
[46] It included figures from the youth movement such as Chaerul and Wikana,
[47] where Wikana in Sukarno’s house had encouraged Sukarno to proclaim independence immediately.
[48] The declaration was to be signed by the 27 members of the
Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) symbolically representing the new nation's diversity.
[49] The particular act was apparently inspired by the similar spirit of the
United States Declaration of Independence.
[50] However, the idea was strongly opposed down by the youth movement, who argued that the committee was too closely associated with the then soon to be defunct Japanese occupation rule, thus creating a potential credibility issue. Instead, members of the youth movement demanded that the signatures of six of them were to be put on the document. All parties involved in the historical moment finally agreed on a compromise solution which only included Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as the co-signers, 'in the name of the people of Indonesia'.
[51]
Initially the proclamation was to be announced at Djakarta central square, but the military had been sent to monitor the area, so the venue was changed to Sukarno's house at Pegangsaan Timur 56. The declaration of independence passed without a hitch.The proclamation was prevented from being broadcast on the radio to the outside world by Yamamoto and Nishimura from the Japanese military, and was also initially prevented from being reported in the newspapers. However
Shigetada Nishijima and
Tadashi Maeda enabled the proclamation to be dispersed via telephone and telegraph.
[52] The proclamation at 56, Jalan Pegangsaan Timur, Jakarta, was heard throughout the country because the text was secretly broadcast by Indonesian radio personnel using the transmitters of the Jakarta Broadcasting Station (
ジャカルタ放送局 Jakaruta Hōsōkyoku).The Domei news agency was used to send the text of the proclamation to reach Bandung and Jogjakarta. Members of the youth movement in Bandung facilitated broadcasts of the proclamation in Indonesian and English from radio Bandung. Furthermore the local radio system was connected with the Central Telegraph Office and it broadcast the proclamation overseas.
[53] Moreover Sukarno’s speech that he gave on the day of the proclamation was not fully published.
[54] During his speech he discusses the perseverance for the independence of Indonesia under Dutch and Japanese rule, and he states Indonesia being free from any other country.
[55]
The resting room of dude Karno At that time Sukarno and Moh. Hatta, the figures wanted the proclamation to be done through Ppki , wh...
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